APR vs interest rate
The interest rate sets your payment. The APR (annual percentage rate) also counts fees you pay to get the loan, such as origination fees and points, spread over the loan's life. Lenders must show the APR under the federal Truth in Lending Act, so you can compare offers with different fees on equal terms.
How APR is calculated
The calculator finds the monthly rate j at which your payments are worth exactly the money you really got (the amount financed). That's the actuarial method in Regulation Z, Appendix J, for loans with equal monthly payments.
APR = 12 × j
There's no direct formula for j, so it's found by repeated halving (bisection) to many decimal places.
- Fees paid upfront or taken from the loan ("Upfront"): you owe the full loan amount, but you only received the loan minus the fees.
- Fees added to the loan ("Added to loan"): you received the loan amount, but you owe it plus the fees, so the payment is higher.
Worked example
A $10,000 loan at 6% for 5 years has a payment of $193.33. With a $500 fee taken out of the loan, you get $9,500 but still pay $193.33 for 60 months. Solving 9,500 = 193.33 × (1 − (1 + j)−60) ÷ j gives j = 0.6795%, so the APR is 8.154%. If the $500 is added to the loan instead, the payment is $202.99 and the APR is 8.048%.
The calculator uses the real payment schedule: every payment is rounded to the cent and the last one evens out the difference ($193.21 here). So the finance charge, $1,599.68 of interest plus the $500 fee, matches the total interest the payment calculator and loan calculator show for the same loan.
On a mortgage the effect is smaller, because fees are spread over more years: $200,000 at 6.5% for 30 years with $4,000 in fees has an APR of about 6.695%.
Limitations
- Fees of more than half the loan aren't accepted: the APR would be mathematically right but meaningless.
- Which fees count is set by law (Regulation Z § 1026.4). Origination fees and points do; appraisal or title fees on a mortgage usually don't. Enter only the finance charges.
- It assumes a regular first period and equal monthly payments (apart from the last one, which evens out the cents). Odd first periods and irregular payments change the APR slightly.
- APR assumes you keep the loan for its whole term. If you pay off or refinance early, the fees cost you more per year; the "What if" lines show this.
- For adjustable-rate loans, the disclosed APR is based on assumptions about future rates.